XMPP Core

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Основы протокола XMPP изложены в документе RFC 3920: "Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Core".

Этот документ описывает обощённую архитектуру, схему адресации, термины "XML поток" и "XML станс", правила использования XML, требования к совместимым реализациям протокола, а также соображения по поводу интернациональности и безопасности.

Введение

Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) — открытый, основанный на XML протокол для обмена в почти реальном времени сообщениями, передачи информации о пристуствии и сервисов вида "запрос-ответ". Базовый синтаксис и семантика были разработаны в сообществе Jabber, большей частью в 1999 году. В 2002, рабочая группа XMPP занялась разработкой адаптации протокола Jabber, которая была бы пригодна в качестве технологии IETF для обмена сообщениями и информацией о присутствии. Как результат этой работы, данный текст описывает основные возможности XMPP 1.0; расширения, необходимые для обмена сообщениями и информацией о присутствии, определенные в RFC 2779, определены в Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): XMPP IM.

Обобщённая архитектура сети

Обзор

Хотя XMPP и не привязан к конкретной сетевой архитектуре, обычно он реализуется с архитектурой "клиент-сервер", где клиент соединяется с сервером по протоколу TCP, и соединения между серверами тоже производятся по протоколу TCP.

Примерная структура сети XMPP включает в себя сервера, к которым подключаются клиенты. На схеме также показан транспорт в другую IM сеть. Синим цветом выделены соединения XMPP, черным - соединения сторонней сети.

Сервер

Сервер действует как уровень абстракции для соединений XMPP. Его основные обязанности:

• управлять соединениями(сессиями) других сущностей, в форме XML потоков от/для авторизованных клиентов, других серверов и прочих сущностей.
• маршрутизировать корректно адресованные XML стансы между указанными сущностями посредством XML потоков.

Большинство XMPP-совместимых серверов также выполняют обязанности по хранению данных клиентов (например, их контакт-листов в случае базирующихся на XMPP IM-приложений). В этом случае данные XML обрабатываются самим сервером, и никуда не перенаправляются.

Клиент

Большинство клиентов подключаются напрямую к серверам через TCP-соединения, и используют XMPP для получения доступа к возможностям сервера и связанных с ним сервисов. Одновременно могут быть подключены несколько ресурсов (например, обозначающих устройства или местоположения) одного клиента. Каждый ресурс должен иметь уникальный идентификатор ресурса (см. Схема адресации).

Рекомендуется для клиент-серверных соединений использовать порт 5222.

Транспорт

Транспорт - специальный сервис, работающий на стороне сервера, чья основная функция - обеспечивать перевод XMPP в протокол сторонней (не XMPP) IM сети и обратно. Примерами могут являться e-mail, Internet Relay Chat, SIMPLE, SMS, а также коммерческие IM-сети, такие как AIM, ICQ, MSN и Yahoo! IM. Коммуникации между транспортами и XMPP-серверами, а также между транспортами и сторонними серверами не описываются в этом документе.

Сеть

Поскольку каждый сервер идентифицируется его сетевым адресом, и поскольку сервер-серверные коммуникации являются прямым расширением клиент-серверного протокола, фактически система состоит из набора взаимодействующих серверов. Таким образом, <juliet@example.com> может обмениваться сообщениями, информацией о присутствии и др. с <romeo@example.net>. Этот шаблон знаком по протоколам вроде SMTP, которые пользуются стандартами сетевой адресации. Взаимодействие между серверами НЕОБЯЗАТЕЛЬНО. Если оно доступно, оно должно производиться посредством XML потоков через TCP соединения. Рекомендуемый порт для межсерверного взаимодействия 5269.

Схема адресации

Обзор

Сущность - что-то, что может быть воспринято как конечная точка сети и может обмениваться данными по протоколу XMPP. Все сущности имеют уникальный адрес, соотвествующий RFC 2396. По историческим причинам, идентификатор называется Jabber Identifier или JID. Корректный JID состоит из идентификатора домена (domain), идентификатора узла(node) и идентификатора ресурса(resource).

Синтакс JID в форме Бэкуса—Наура:

     jid             = [ node "@" ] domain [ "/" resource ]
     domain          = fqdn / address-literal
     fqdn            = (sub-domain 1*("." sub-domain))
     sub-domain      = (internationalized domain label)
     address-literal = IPv4address / IPv6address

Все JID'ы строятся по указанной схеме. Наиболее частое её применение - идентификация пользователя IM, сервера, к которому пользователь подключен, и ресурса пользователя в форме user@server/resource.

Тем не менее, могут существовать узлы, не являющиеся пользователями. Например, конкретная конференция на сервере конференций может быть адресована как room@server, а её участник может быть адресован как room@server/nick.

Каждая допустимая часть JID'а по длине не должна превышать 1023 байта. Таким образом, полная длина JID с учетом символов "@" и "/" не может превышать 3071 байт.

XML-потоки

Обзор

Две фундаментальные концепции делают возможным быстрый асинхронный обмен сравнительно маленькими порциями структурированной информации между сущностями: XML-потоки и XML-стансы. Эти термины определяются следующим образом:

XML-поток - это контейнер для обмена XML-элементами между любыми двумя сущностями в сети. Начало XML-потока однозначно обозначается открывающим XML-тегом <stream> (с необходимыми атрибутами и указанием пространства имён), а конец XML-потока однозначно обозначается закрывающим тегом </stream>. В течение жизни потока сущность, создавшая поток, может посылать неограниченное количество XML-элементов через поток, включая как элементы для создания потока (например, предложить использовать TLS (Секция 5) или SASL (Секция 6)), так и XML-стансы (элементы <message/>, <presence/> и <iq/>, с пространством имён по умолчанию). "Начальный поток" предлагается инициирующей сущностью (обычно клиентом или сервером) принимающей сущности (обычно серверу), и может рассматриваться как соответствующая инициатору потока "сессия". "Начальный поток" позволяет производить односторонюю передачу информации от инициатора к получателю; для передачи в обратном направлении принимающая сущность ДОЛЖНА предложить поток инициатору ("ответный поток").

XML-станс - дискретная семантическая единица структурированной информации, переcылаемая от одной сущности к другой посредством XML-потока. XML-станс существует как непосредственный потомок корневого элемента <stream/>.

ToDo: An XML stanza exists at the direct child level of the root <stream/> element and is said to be well-balanced if it matches the production 43 content of XML.

Начало любого XML-станса однозначно обозначается открывающим тегом на глубине 1 в XML-потоке (например, <presence>), и конец однозначно обозначается соответствующим закрывающим тегом на глубине 1 (например, </presence>). XML-станс МОЖЕТ содержать дочерние элементы (с соответствующими атрибутами, дочерними элементами и символьными данными), если это необходимо для передачи желаемой информации. Единственные XML-стансы, определенные здесь - элементы <message/>, <presence/> и <iq/>, с пространством имён по умолчанию, как описано в Секции 9; XML элементы, необходимые для инициации TLS (Секция 5), SASL (Секция 6), или Server Dialback (Секция 8) не являются XML-стансами.

В качестве примера рассмотрим сессию клиента с сервером. Для подключения к серверу клиент ДОЛЖЕН инициировать XML-поток, послав серверу открывающий тег <stream>, возможно, предварив его текстовым описанием версии XML и используемой кодировки (см. Изменения в текстовом описании (Секция 11.4) и Кодировка символов (Секция 11.5)). В зависимости от локальных правил и характеристик сервиса, серверу СЛЕДУЕТ ответить клиенту вторым XML-потоком, возможно, предварив его текстовым описанием. Как только клиент завершил приветствие SASL, он МОЖЕТ посылать неограниченное число XML-станс через поток любому получателю в сети. Когда клиент хочет закрыть поток, он просто посылает закрывающий тег </stream> (в другом варианте, поток может быть закрыть сервером), после чего клиенту и серверу СЛЕДУЕТ также прервать нижележащее соединение (обычно TCP). Те, кто привык думать об XML как о документе, могут рассматривать сессию клиента с сервером как два незакрытых XML документа: один от клиента к серверу, и один от сервера к клиенту. С этой точки зрения, корневой элемент <stream/>, может рассматриваться как основная сущность для обоих "документов", и оба этих "документа" строятся за счет аккумулирования XML-станс, присланных по соответствующему потоку. Тем не менее, такая точка зрения - не более чем соглашение; XMPP имеет дело не с документами, а с потоками и стансами.

В сущности, XML-поток действует как конверт для всех переданных XML-станс. Упрощенно его можно представить так:

   |--------------------|
   | <stream>           |
   |--------------------|
   | <presence>         |
   |   <show/>          |
   | </presence>        |
   |--------------------|
   | <message to='foo'> |
   |   <body/>          |
   | </message>         |
   |--------------------|
   | <iq to='bar'>      |
   |   <query/>         |
   | </iq>              |
   |--------------------|
   | ...                |
   |--------------------|
   | </stream>          |
   |--------------------|

Привязка к TCP

Хотя нет необходимости передавать XML поток через [TCP] соединение (например, две сущности могут подключаться друг к другу через другой механизм такой как [HTTP] туннелирование), данная спецификация определяет привязку XMPP только к TCP. В контексте клиент-серверного взаимодействия, сервер ДОЛЖЕН разрешать клиенту использование одного TCP соединения для отправки XML стансов от клиента к серверу и от сервера к клиенту. При взаимодействии сервер-сервер сервер ДОЛЖЕН использовать одно TCP соединение для стансов, посылаемых сервером пиру и другое TCP соединение (инициированное пиром) для стансов от пира к серверу, всего два TCP соединения.

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Ссылки

• Частичный перевод на русский
• RFC 3920 на сайте ietf.org (англ.)